HomeMy WebLinkAbout20251017_PLN1415_Cultural Resource Report CULTURAL RESOURCES REPORT COVER SHEET
DAHP Project Number: 2025-08-05567
Author: Tara McLaughlin, MA, RPA, and Jamie McLean, MA
Title of Report: Cultural Resource Assessment for the Arlington Medical Facility Project,
Snohomish County, Washington
Date of Report: September 2, 2025
County(ies): Snohomish Section: 12 Township: 31 N Range: 5E
Quad: Arlington East Acres: 2.3
PDF of Report uploaded to WISAARD report module (REQUIRED) Yes
Historic Property Inventory Forms to be Approved Online? I-I Yes M No
Archaeological Site(s)/Isolate(s) found or amended? I-I Yes M No
TCP(s) found? F1 Yes M No
Replace a draft? I-I Yes M No
Satisfy a DAHP Archaeological Excavation Permit requirement? I-I Yes # M No
Were Human Remains Found? F1 Yes DAHP Case # No
DAHP Archaeological Site #:
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Cultural Resources Assessment for the
Arlington Medical Facility Project,
Snohomish County, Washington
Prepared for:
Visconsi Companies, Ltd.
30050 Chagrin Blvd., Suite 360
Pepper Pike, OH 44124
Prepared by:
Tara McLaughlin, MA, RPA and Jamie McLean, MA
Reviewed and Submitted by:
Steven Dampf, MS, RPA
Westland Engineering & Environmental Services
422 West Riverside Avenue, Suite 1330
Spokane, WA 99201
Cultural Resources Report No. 2025-250
DAHP Project No. 2025-08-05567
WestLand Project No. 14065
September 2, 2025
Trinity� s � west La n d
Contains Privileged Information—Do Not Release
Table of Contents
REPORT ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION.............................................................................. 1
1.1 Regulatory Context and Area of Potential Impacts .................................................................... 1
1.2 Agency and Tribal Consultation.................................................................................................2
2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT............................................................................................................5
2.1 Topography and Geology...........................................................................................................5
2.2 Soils...........................................................................................................................................6
2.3 Paleoclimate and Vegetational Shifts.........................................................................................7
2.4 Fauna.........................................................................................................................................7
3.0 CULTURAL CONTEXT........................................................................................................................9
3.1 Precontact Period ......................................................................................................................9
3.2 Ethnographic Period ................................................................................................................ 12
3.3 Historic Period ......................................................................................................................... 14
4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Previous Cultural Resources Investigations............................................................................. 16
4.2 Previously Recorded Archaeological Resources ..................................................................... 18
4.3 Cemeteries .............................................................................................................................. 19
4.4 Built Environment..................................................................................................................... 19
4.4.1 Assessor's Data...................................................................................................................20
4.5 Historic Maps and Aerial Imagery............................................................................................20
4.6 DAHP Archaeological Risk Assessment Model........................................................................21
5.0 ANTICIPATED FINDS........................................................................................................................23
6.0 FIELD INVESTIGATION ....................................................................................................................24
6.1 Survey Methods.......................................................................................................................24
6.2 Survey Results.........................................................................................................................24
7.0 SUMMARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................................................................................30
8.0 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................31
Page i
Trinit Westland
Consultants
Figures
Figure1. Project location........................................................................................................................ 3
Figure 2. Area of potential impacts.........................................................................................................4
Figure3. 1910 Anderson map............................................................................................................... 22
Figure 4. Overview of south portion of API (parking lot at left); view east............................................. 25
Figure 5. Overview of north portion of API (central berm at right); view east........................................ 25
Figure 6. Overview of north portion of API with previous disturbance related to utility installation along
the adjacent parking lot and sidewalk in foreground and residential development to the east
and southeast; view southeast. ............................................................................................. 26
Figure 7 Results of survey. .................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 8. STP 2 profile at 70 cmbs. ...................................................................................................... 28
Figure 9. STP 12 profile at 100 cmbs.................................................................................................... 28
Figure 10. Plow zone artifacts identified in STP 7 (0-24 cmbs)............................................................. 29
Figure 11. Plow zone artifacts from STP-10. ......................................................................................... 30
Tables
Table 1. Soil Properties Within API........................................................................................................ 6
Table 3. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Within 1.6 km (1 mi.) of the API.......................... 16
Table 4. Previously Recorded Archaeological Resources Within 1.6 km (1 mi.) of the API................ 19
Appendices
Appendix A. Schematic for Proposed Development
• Figure A.1 Schematic Print
Appendix B. Shovel Test Probe Results
• Table B.1 Summary of Shovel Test Probe Results
Appendix C. Inadvertent Discovery Plan
Page ii
Trinit Westland
Consultants
REPORT ABSTRACT
Report Title: Cultural Resources Assessment for the Arlington Medical Facility Project, Snohomish
County, Washington
Report Date: September 2, 2025
Project Name: Arlington Medical Facility Project
Project Location: Northwest corner of 212th Street NE and Medical Center Drive, Arlington (portions of
Snohomish County parcels 31051200200400 and 31051200202700)
Project Sponsor: Public Hospital District#3, Snohomish County (PHD#3)
Lead Agency: City of Arlington Economic and Community Development Department(City)
Applicable Regulations: State Environmental Policy Act(SEPA)
Funding Source: Private
Description of the Project/Undertaking: PHD#3, in coordination with Visconsi and the City, is planning
to construct a 30,000-square-foot, three-story building with associated parking, driveways, and
landscaping.
Project Area of Potential Impacts (API): Construction footprint for all the project elements described
above, encompassing a total of 2.3 acres.
Legal Description: SW '/4 of the NW '/4 of Section 12 of Township 31 North, Range 5 East, Willamette
Merdian
USGS 7.5' Quadrangle(s): Arlington East
Land Jurisdiction: Private
Acres Surveyed: 2.3 acres
Consultant Firm/Organization: Westland Engineering & Environmental Services (Westland)
Project Number: 14065
Date(s) of Fieldwork:August 2 and 13, 2025
Number of Isolates Recorded: None
Number of Sites Recorded: None
Management Recommendations: No further cultural resources study is recommended for this project.
WestLand recommends that all ground-disturbing activities be carried out under the inadvertent discovery
plan (IDP)for cultural resources and human remains, provided in Appendix C.
Page iii
Tri�nits AA WestLand
1 .0 INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT DESCRIPTION
WestLand Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc. (WestLand), was contracted by Visconsi
Companies, Ltd. (Visconsi), to conduct a cultural resources assessment for the proposed Arlington Medical
Facility Project (the Project) located in the city of Arlington, in the SW '/4 of the NW '/4 of Section 12 in
Township 31 North, Range 5 East(T31 N, R5E),Willamette Meridian (WM), as depicted on the Arlington East,
Washington, 7.5-minute US Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle (Figure 1). Public Hospital District#3,
Snohomish County (PHD#3), in coordination with Visconsi and the City of Arlington Economic and
Community Development Department (City), is planning to construct a 30,000-square-foot, three-story
building with associated parking, driveways, and landscaping on a mostly undeveloped property
encompassing portions of two parcels (31051200200400 and 31051200202700) totaling approximately
2.3 acres located at the northwest corner of 212th Street NE and Medical Center Drive(Figure 2; proposed
design plan provided in Appendix A).
1 .1 Regulatory Context and Area of Potential Impacts
The Project is subject to compliance with the Washington State Environmental Policy Act(SEPA), Chapter
43.21 C Revised Code of Washington (RCW), and statutes regarding the protection of archaeological and
historic resources (Washington Administrative Code 197-11, RCW 27.44, and RCW 27.53). SEPA requires
local governments and state agencies to consider the environmental impacts of a proposal. The City is the
lead agency for SEPA compliance. Question 13 of the SEPA checklist allows the agency, with guidance
from the Washington State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP) and the affected
Tribes, to assess whether there have been efforts to identify significant historic, archeological, and
traditional cultural sites that might be impacted, as well as how to avoid or mitigate any identified impacts.
The project will also require a Special Use Permit from the City, including a cultural resources assessment
as a condition of the Permit.
In coordination with Visconsi, PHD#3, and the City, WestLand is recommending that the Project's area of
potential impacts (API) be defined as the construction footprint for the project elements described above,
encompassing a total of 2.3 acres(see Figure 2).This API is intended to address the areas that will receive
subsurface impacts from any proposed ground disturbance. No built-environment resources 50 years old
or older are located on immediately adjacent parcels; as such, no indirect(visual, noise,and so forth)effects
are anticipated.
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Consultants � WestLand
1 .2 Agency and Tribal Consultation
In accordance with SEPA, the City submitted documentation regarding the Project to the Stillaguamish
Tribe of Indians (Stillaguamish). In response, the Stillaguamish Cultural Resources Department requested
that a cultural resources survey of the API be completed prior to ground disturbance. On behalf of the City,
Westland sent the Stillaguamish Cultural Resources Department an email on July 31, 2025, describing the
proposed survey methodology and inviting a tribal representative to observe the fieldwork.
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Consultants � WestLand
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2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT
Changing environmental conditions affect the kinds of resources available to people, the distribution of
those resources, and the suitability of landforms for human occupation. This section presents information
about conditions that influence the likelihood of intact archaeological deposits being present in the API and
discusses features of the natural environment that would have encouraged or discouraged settlement of
the API by past populations. Literature reviewed for this project includes environmental data from the
Washington State Department of Natural Resources (WA DNR) and the US Department of Agriculture
(USDA) online soil survey, and resources in WestLand's library related to the geology and landform
formation processes and natural resources available in and around the API.
2.1 Topography and Geology
The API is located approximately 1.3 km (0.8 mi. southwest of the South Fork Stillaguamish River and
between 50.9 and 59.5 m(167,0 to 195.0 ft.)above mean sea level (amsl), at the eastern edge of the Puget
Trough physiographic province (Franklin and Dyrness 1988:70-90). The Puget Trough, also known as the
Puget Lowland, occupies a north—south depression between the Olympic Mountains and the western
slopes of the Cascade Mountains extending from the Canadian border to the lower Columbia River along
the Oregon border. The southern Cascades are composed primarily of tertiary andesite and basalt flows
with associated breccias and tuffs, and minor amounts of igneous intrusive, sedimentary, or metamorphic
rocks (McKee 1972:292). Dating to roughly 50 million years ago, limestone deposits in the vicinity of
Snoqualmie Pass (approximately 100 km [62 mi.] southeast of the API) are remnants of the western coast
of North America. From the Pass north along the Snoqualmie River, the Olney Pass terrane is a coarse
mixture of enormous sandstone blocks set in a shaley matrix. The major Cascade Range building period
that included activities such as volcanism, folding, faulting, and uplift slowed by the end of the mid-
Pleistocene (Orr and Orr 1996:95).
The Puget Lowland was shaped by at least four periods of extensive glaciation during the Pleistocene
(Easterbrook 2003; Lasmanis 1991). The bedrock was depressed and deeply scoured by glacial ice, and
glacial outwash from retreating glaciers mantled areas above the valley floors, forming moraines that are
today expressed as ridges. A thick mantle of glacial drift and outwash deposits were left across much of
Snohomish County at the end of the last of these glacial periods, the Fraser Glaciation (Easterbrook 2003).
The Vashon Stade of the Fraser Glaciation began around 18,000 BP with an advance of the Cordilleran Ice
Sheet into the lowlands (Porter and Swanson 1998). The Puget Lobe of the ice sheet flowed down into the
Puget Lowland and reached its terminus just south of Olympia between 14,500-14,000 BP (Clague and
James 2002; Easterbrook 2003).The depth of the ice near the current API is estimated to have been about
1,800-2,000 m (5,905-6,560 ft.; Easterbrook 2003).
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The Puget Lobe began to retreat shortly after reaching its terminus. Marine waters entered the lowlands
that had been carved out by the glacier and filled Puget Sound. Everson glaciomarine drift deposits dating
between 12,500-11,500 BP were released from the melting glacial ice and deposited on the sea floor
across the northern and central Puget Lowland (Easterbrook 2003). The enormous weight of the ice had
depressed the land, but as the crust rebounded, relative sea levels fell and exposed some of the drift
deposits (Clague and James 2002; Easterbrook 2003). The Cordilleran Ice Sheet advanced once again
during the Sumas Stade of the Fraser Glaciation from ca. 11,600-10,000 BP, leaving glacial till and outwash
deposits in northwestern Washington (Kovanen and Easterbrook 2002)
2.2 SOIIS
Descriptions of mapped sediments for the API are derived from the USDA Web Soil Survey (USDA 2025).
The sediments currently mapped in the API fall under two classifications:Alderwood (98.4 %) and Ragnar
(1.6 %). The predominant series of Alderwood is described as a gravelly sandy loam located on 0 to 8 %
slopes. This series is found on glacial drift plains, is a moderately well drained xeric, made up of glacial drift
and outwash over dense glaciomarine deposits. A description of these soil properties can be found in
Table 1.
The probability of where cultural resources may be located is primarily based on ground surface slope and
depth of sediments. Deeper soils located on flat Holocene-aged landforms have a higher likelihood of
containing buried cultural materials. Contrarily, shallow soils on steeper landforms have a lower probability
of containing buried cultural deposits.
Table 1. Soil Properties Within API
Mapped Soil Depth Horizon Color Texture Rock(%) Age
(curbs)
0-18 A Brown (10YR 5/3) Gravelly sandy 15 to 65 Holocene
loam
18-53 Bw1 Yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) Very gravelly 15 to 65 Holocene
sandy loam
53-75 Bw2 Pale brown (10YR 6/3) Very gravelly 15 to 65 Holocene
sandy loam
Alderwood 75-89 Bg Light yellowish brown (2.5YR Very gravelly 35 to 85 Holocene/
6/4) sandy loam Pleistocene
89-109 2Cd1 Light brownish gray(2.5YR Very gravelly 15 to 45 Pleistocene
6/2) sandy loam
Dense glacial till
109-150 2Cd2 Light gray(2.5YR 7/2) that breaks to 15 to 45 Pleistocene
very gravelly
sandy loam
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2.3 Paleoclimate and Vegetational Shifts
Based on regional studies of the early post-glacial paleoenvironment, the Project vicinity displayed tundra
characteristics and supported open forests of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and red alder (Alnus rubra).
New tree species such as Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) became established between 12,000 and
7000 BP, when summers were warmer and winters were cooler than the modern environment. This pattern
was followed by a period between 7500 and 4000 BP that was warm and dry, when scattered oak and
grasses slowly became replaced by"coniferous forests dominated by Douglas fir, then, around 4000 years
ago, by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), which suggests the area had increasing moisture and
declining temperatures" (Hebda 1995:63, taken from Lewarch et al. 1999:13). In this cooler environment,
the western hemlock and Douglas fir forests became dense, limiting faunal grazing land and restricting
some food plants. The abundant moisture hastened the development of western red cedar(Thuja plicata)
and western hemlock, creating a closed-canopy forest that was relatively stable into the Historic period until
logging of old-growth trees in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (Lewarch et al. 1999:14).
Today, western Washington is part of the Western Hemlock vegetation zone, characterized by Douglas fir,
red alder, and Western red cedar. Silver fir(Abies amabilis), Grand fir(Abies grandis), Sitka spruce (Picea
sitchensis), and bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) are less common but still present. Western white pine
(Pinus monticola), and lodgepole pine are considered major species in the Puget Sound Province and a
minor species throughout the rest of western Washington (Franklin and Dyrness 1988:58).
Within the Western Hemlock vegetation zone, forest understories are typically dense, consisting of shrubs
and herbaceous species such as deer fern(Blechnum spicant),sword fern(Polystichum munitum), bracken
fern (Pteridium aquilinum), red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis),
trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus), snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), salal (Gaultheria shallon), Oregon
grape(Berberis nervosa), and rose (Rosa gymnocarpa)(Franklin and Dyrness 1988).Along the waterways
and in wetter areas,flora includes lady fern (Athyrium filix-femina), black cottonwood (Populus balsamifera),
skunk cabbage (Lysichitum americanum), water parsley (Oenathe sarmentosa), coast willow (Salix
hookeriana), red alder, and various sedges (Carex spp.). Inland prairies feature understory vegetation
including camas (Camassia quamash) and a host of edible tubers, berries, fruits, and nuts (Franklin and
Dyrness 1988).
2.4 Fauna
The Precontact and Historic period environment provided foraging and breeding habitats for a wide range
of terrestrial and aquatic mammals, including elk (Cervus elaphus); black-tailed deer (Odocoileus
hemionus); black bear (Ursus americanus); coyote (Canis latrans); cougar, or mountain lion
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Consultants A& Westland
(Puma concolor); raccoon (Procyon lotor); red fox (Vulpes vulpes); and porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum)
(Larrison 1976).Wetland habitats common along stream courses like Deer Creek supported a diverse array
of fauna, including waterfowl (Aix and Anas spp.), beaver (Castor canadensis), river otter (Lutra
canadensis), and mink or weasel (Mustela spp.) (Kruckeberg 1991; Larrison 1976).
The Stillaguamish River watershed has historically supported large populations of resident and
anadromous fish species, including chinook salmon (Oncorhyncus tshawytscha), coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch), pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), and
steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The watershed also supports a number of other fish species,
including bull trout (Salvelinus conjluentus), sea-run cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki clarki), and pygmy
whitefish (Prosopium coulteri) (Snohomish Conservation District 2017; Washington State Department of
Ecology 1995).
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3.0 CULTURAL CONTEXT
Archaeological studies, ethnographic accounts, and historical records provide a framework in which to
identify and evaluate cultural resources within the API. Archaeological studies documenting successive
occupation episodes in the region provide general information about settlement patterns, resource use, and
subsistence economies. Ethnographic and historical sources contain accounts of Native American
occupation and land use after Euro-American encroachment. Historical documents, maps, and aerial
photographs contain information about settlement,transportation, and agricultural activities.All these types
of sources were consulted for this review.
3.1 Precontact Period
Human occupation and utilization of the Stillaguamish River drainage has been continuous from
approximately 16,000 years ago, based on archaeological evidence from the areas south of the Puget Lobe
of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet in western Washington and from sites in eastern Washington.Archaeological,
ethnographic, and historical investigations over the past several decades have provided regional contexts
for evaluating potential archaeological finds within the API (Blukis Onat 1987; Carlson 1990; Greengo 1983;
Larson and Lewarch 1995; Matson and Coupland 1995; Meltzer and Dunnell 1987; Nelson 1990). A
summary of hypothesized regional precontact-era settlement patterns can be found in Table 2.
Archaeological evidence in this region suggests that soon after the land emerged from the last glacial
retreat, Native populations moved into the tundra-like environment in pursuit of now-extinct megafauna,
while also opportunistically hunting small game and gathering plant resources (Kopper) et al. 2016; Waters
et al. 2011). Until recently, the evidence for human settlement of the Puget Lowlands prior to 10,000 years
ago was primarily the presence of a small number of isolated fluted projectile points (Avey n.d.; Carlson
1990; Kopperl et al. 2016; Meltzer and Dunnell 1987).
Archaeological investigations conducted at the Bear Creek Site (45K1839) confirmed Native American
settlement of the Puget Lowlands by at least 10,000 years ago.At this site, lithic artifacts were found on top
of glacial deposits and below a peat deposit with radiocarbon and luminescence dates between
approximately 12,500 and 10,000 cal. BP (Kopper) et al. 2016). Human hunting of extinct fauna has been
corroborated by finds at the Manis mastodon site (Gustafson et al. 1979).The presence of a bone projectile
point embedded in a mastodon rib has been substantiated, and combined DNA testing and accelerator
mass spectrometry dates indicate the animal was hunted and killed ca. 13,860 to 13,763 BP (Lawler 2011;
Waters et al. 2011).Archaeological evidence for these early sites (prior to about 8000 years ago)typically
include isolated artifacts and lithic scatters representing field camps and procurement/processing sites
(Kopper) et al. 2016).
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Table 2. Summary of Regional Precontact-Era Settlement Patterns (adapted from Chatters et al. 2011,
Kopperl et al. 2016, and Cooper et al. 2014)
Period Tool Types Location Preferences Associated Data
Paleoindian large, concave-based,triangular isolated sites in or near lakes and Pleistocene mammal bone
16,000-10,000 BP spear points(Clovis points) bogs; artifacts would be located on orin glacial soils with butchery marks
upland environments near the base
of the Cascade foothills and on raised post-glacial period; small
the Olcott Phase (part of the Old terraces along major rivers;few number of rock-like cooking
Early Holocene Cordilleran Culture);tool types pits have been found that
Foragers include leaf-shaped spear points isolated Olcott spear points have were used to process starchy
10,000-7000 BP and knives, scraping tools been found in bogs; isolates more, and plant foods(camas roots,
cobble tools known as"choppers" common on steep slopes along major acorns); appears to
river valleys; artifacts are located on
or in glacial soils represent a foraging society
as forests became denser
early tools similar to those seen in and less useful for human
the early Holocene; later sites after 5000 BP, shell middens increase food procurement(7000 BP),
Middle Holocene add microblades, side-notched in marine sites; bone tools and marine environments
Foragers projectile points, and large, ornaments found in middens; upland stabilized and became more
7000-3500 BP stemmed projectile points; post sites often located in valley bottoms productive; people
6000 BP, ground-slate knives, of high terraces and consist of stone increasingly concentrated
adzes, and whetstones have tools and fire-broken rocks food-gathering activities on
been documented the riverbanks and marine
shoreline
seasonal camps have been found in
similar to tools used in the latter the prairies of south King and from 3500 to 4000 BP, the
part of the Middle Holocene but northern Pierce Counties; people cultures of the Northwest
Developmental seasonally specific;tools in moved to locations that allowed for Coast shifted subsistence
Northwest Coast mass-harvest of food (salmon, deer, strategies from immediate
Culture seasonal prairie habitation areas consist of large, stemmed clams, and/or roots); larger,year- consumption of foodstuffs to
3500-2500 BP round habitations also were used as amassing, processing, and
projectile points,flake tools, and well; small, rectangular dwellings are storing food for later
concentrations of cooking rock associated with these areas north of consumption
Puget Sound
large villages of long, split-plank
seasonal habitation areas
houses created on rivers and along
saltwater shores and maintained established up to 3500 BP
continued to be used and
year-round; upland seasonal-use
habitation areas used, leaving dense new ones were established;
same sites were used
Northwest Coast arrow points replaced large atlatl scatters of stone tools and fire-
Culture dart points,toolkit is otherwise modified rock; similar habitation seasonally for harvesting
2500-250 BP similar to previous period areas made along rivers for fishing; resources; large,thick shell
these are commonly found on the middens formed at clamming
and fishing locations and at
floodplains of river basins in the
Puget Sound and Cascade foothills, many other localities along
often well preserved due to the shoreline where fresh
deposition of flood sediments water enters Puget Sound
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Period Tool Types Location Preferences Associated Data
at turn of nineteenth century, use
of metal points and stone points, people traded with
iron harpoon tips along with bone, by 1850, many longhouses replaced Europeans/Euroamericans
Euroamerican and copper hooks bent from by smaller, less elaborate houses; in
Contact Period ships'copper; otherwise similar to the 1850s, Native people forced to for iron, copper, mirrors, and
250-100 BP previous period; as the century sign treaties; most were relocated to beads, incorporating the new
progressed, European/ reservations materials into their existing
technologies
Euroamerican tools and
technologies were adopted
Early residential base camp sites dating to between 8000 and 5000 BP are commonly found on inland and
upland glacial outwash surfaces in the Puget Lowland, northwest Washington, and inland western
Washington foothill valleys (Kidd 1964; Mattson 1985). Regionally, these sites are referred to as "Olcott,"
named after the type site (45SN14; Kidd 1964) located 3.6 km (2.2 mi.) southeast of the API, and as
"Cascade" to the east of the Cascade Mountain Range. These assemblages are typified by lanceolate-
shaped projectile points and a generalist assemblage characteristic of the Archaic Period (ca. 8000-
4000 BP) in the Puget Sound (Blukis Onat et al. 2001). Olcott lithic assemblages typically include
opportunistic tools derived from local cobbles; large, leaf-shaped and stemmed points; scrapers; flaked
cobbles; and waste flakes. Sites during this time frame have been interpreted as evidence of an early,
mobile hunting and gathering adaptation.
Age estimates of Olcott sites have been inferred from the similarity of the assemblages to older(ca. 10,000-
6000 BP) dated components from British Columbia and eastern Washington (Ames and Maschner 1999;
Carlson and Dalla Bona 1996). Sites with Olcott-type assemblages are often located in elevated areas
some distance inland from modern shorelines (e.g., Chatters et al. 2011). This pattern may have persisted
for over 6,000 years,with the end of this time period marked by an increased reliance on marine and riverine
resources. Marine resource use may extend back farther in time, but evidence that might exist on early
shorelines has been inundated by rising sea levels, which reached near-modern elevations only by about
5000 BP (Kopper) et al. 2016).
As the climate and sea level stabilized after about 5000 BP, local populations increased and utilized a
diverse array of landforms and resources. Native populations became more reliant on marine resources
and anadromous fish, gradually shifting to semisedentary subsistence patterns marked by the seasonal
round (Carlson and Dalla Bona 1996; Kopperl et al. 2016; Matson and Coupland 1995). Development of
marine-oriented cultures is apparent around 2500 BP. Archaeological sites from this later period (post
2500 BP) include village sites, residential base camps, field camps, and special-use sites. Residential
village sites represent the winter village described by early ethnographers.These sites are often recognized
by large shell middens located near the modern shoreline or inland at river confluences. Base camps and
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Consultants A& Westland
field camps represent the exploitation of specific plant and animal resources by task groups travelling out
from the winter village. Base camps may include hearth features, evidence of shelters, and features and
artifacts indicative of processing, preservation, or preparation of plant and animal resources. Field camps
reflect short duration use by small task groups and may include hunting and plant processing sites
represented by lithic debris scatters, formed tools such as projectile points and scrapers, and fire-modified
rock (FMR) features (Kopper) et al. 2016). Special-use sites include lithic and mineral quarries, peeled
cedars, or spiritual sites.
3.2 Ethnographic Period
Based on oral history and ethnographic accounts, this period is generally regarded as the transition from
the Late Precontact period to the approximate point in time when Native Americans were placed on
reservations. The Ethnographic period (500-150 BP) can be divided into Protocontact (500-210 BP) and
Contact (210-150 BP) periods. This is in recognition of the significant impact that European activities had
in the region prior to actual person-to-person interaction.These Protocontact impacts included disease and
trade goods (both of which could have been introduced well ahead of the earliest European trappers and
traders; e.g., Ames et al. 1999). The Native Americans who occupied the region encompassing the API
considered by anthropologists to be part of the Puget Sound Salish culture. Characteristics of the Salish
culture included an economy based on salmon as a staple, a seasonal settlement pattern that utilized
permanent winter villages composed of large plank houses and short-term campsites located at prominent
resource patches, and a society composed of three distinct social classes: slaves, commoners, and nobles
(Miss and Campbell 1991:22; Smith 1941).
The API lies within the traditional territory of the Lushootseed-speaking Stillaguamish, originally called
the Stoluck-wa-mish River Tribe, and part of the Southern Coast Salish regional group. The name
Stillaguamish (under various spellings) has been used since about 1850 to describe those people who
lived along the Stillaguamish River and its tributaries (Lane 1973; Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians 2020;
Suttles and Lane 1990). Like other Southern Coast Salish Tribes, the Stillaguamish followed a seasonal
round, occupying primary villages along the river during the winter and temporary campsites during the
spring, summer, and fall while traveling to seasonal-use areas for procuring game (including marine and
freshwater fish/shellfish) and plants for food, medicine, and utilitarian purposes (Baenen 1981; Suttles and
Lane 1990). This movement across the landscape to resource areas located in varying environmental
zones created high levels of interaction between groups of people, and many resource areas were shared
between groups based on mutual friendship, marriage, or special permission. In his 1927 testimony before
the Indian Claims Commission, Stillaguamish Tribal Member James Dorsey (Quil-Que-Kadam), who was
born in 1850 and grew up along the Stillaguamish River, stated that both the Sauk-Suiattle and Skagit
peoples were permitted into the Stillaguamish territory to visit or to join hunting parties (Lane 1973).
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Smith (1941:209) documented two Stillaguamish villages in the current Project vicinity: one near present-
day Trafton (Chuck-Kol-Che), approximately 6.4 km (4.0 mi.) northwest of the API, and a larger village
known as Skabalko (sgw0algw0, meaning to gather, or unite fresh water) near the confluence of the North
Fork and South Fork of the Stillaguamish River in present-day Arlington, approximately 1.8 km (1.1 mi.)
southwest of the API. Skabalko was a massive village complex that was widely known as a gathering place
and/or trading location for people traveling the Stillaguamish River(Tracey Boser, personal communication
2020, in Dampf and Heideman 2021; Lane 1973; Larsen et al. 2016). According to Bruseth (1926), the
village "was known far and wide. Sauks travelling to the Sound and back, Snohobish coming down the
South Fork, parties coming upriver to dig for roots, spaykoolist and leek at Kent's Prairie (xwba'gwab)nearly
always stopped there and camped."
Permanent villages such as Skabalko were made up of large wooden plank-houses that housed
multigenerational extended families. Information on the village location was originally documented in 1850
and 1851, when coal was discovered along the Stillaguamish River. At the time, the Euro-American men
who located the coal were likely some of the first non-Native people to travel to this location (Lane 1973).
This village is also described in Mr. Dorsey's 1927 testimony before the Indian Claims Commission; he
notes its location in Section 2, Township 31 North, Range 5 East, WM, and that it was comprised of two
large plank houses, a cemetery, and several hundred people near the river. Fish traps were also noted at
this location by Mr. Dorsey (Lane 1973:26), and three families continued to live there until as late as 1890
(Tracey Boser, personal communication 2020).
Subsistence for the Stillaguamish and other Pacific Northwest indigenous groups depended heavily on
salmon. Living upriver, however, the majority of Stillaguamish had smaller catches and supplemented their
salmon stores with a greater amount of game meat than did their coastal neighbors (Baenen 1981:418).
The prairies and wetlands surrounding Skabalko and the North Fork/South Fork confluence were a readily
accessible and plentiful source of game and wild plant crops. These included wild onion and edible roots,
bulbs, and tubers as well as various grass, sedge, and reed species that were utilized in basket making
(Larsen et al. 2016).
Deer and elk were commonly hunted throughout the Stillaguamish River drainage and particularly on the
flats north of Arlington, in the Sultan Basin, in the Lake Cavanaugh area, along Jim Creek, and near Barlow
Pass (Baenen 1981). Present-day Arlington lies in an area historically known as stigayu?, meaning wolf,
due to a high population of wolves in the area, and neighboring prairies to the south were known as bagwab
(Tracey Boser, personal communication 2020). Kent Prairie, located approximately 2.1 km (1.3 mi.) south
of the river confluence and 1.9 km (1.2 mi.)northwest of the currentAPI,was a particularly prolific traditional
plant-gathering area that was frequented by the Stillaguamish, Sauk, and Snohomish (Baenen 1981). The
area is depicted on the 1875 General Land Office (GLO) survey plat along a marshy area/small creek
(US Surveyor General [USSG] 1875).
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The history of the mid-nineteenth century in the Pacific Northwest is dominated by the US government's
attempts to establish treaties with Tribal groups in order to solidify its claim on what is now Washington
State over that of British-held Canada. The Stillaguamish, along with representatives from the Snohomish,
Sauk-Suiattle, Skagit, Snoqualmie, Suquamish, Lummi, Skopamish (Muckleshoot), Kikiallus, and
Duwamish Tribes gathered in 1855 to sign the Treaty of Point Elliott, which proposed to give all the signing
Tribes monetary payment, hunting and fishing rights, and other services in return for surrendering their
ancestral lands (Lane 1973). After the signing of the 1855 Treaty of Point Elliott, the Stillaguamish were
directed to relocate to the Tulalip Reservation. Many did not relocate to the reservation and instead stayed
near their ancestral lands. Individuals of Native American descent living off-reservation in the Puget Sound
region often purchased land privately or occasionally received an off-reservation allotment within their
ancestral lands. As with all Native Americans in the post-treaty era, they augmented their traditional
subsistence practices with Euro-American pursuits such as agriculture, logging, industrial labor, and other
work (Huggins 1984; Ruby and Brown 1992:72-23, 140).
3.3 Historic Period
Following the arrival of non-Native settlers in the Pacific Northwest (by the mid-1850s), many Native
village/habitation sites were subsequently homesteaded or platted as towns; most areas that were
previously inhabited by Native Americans were generally as desirable to non-Native settlers as they were
to the areas' original inhabitants. This was especially true for locations near water, at river confluences, or
along traditionally utilized travel corridors/trails, many of which continued to be in use into the historic period
if not the modern era.
Snohomish County was originally part of Island County. In 1861, Snohomish County was formed by the
territorial legislature. The first county seat was Mukilteo, but it was moved to Snohomish six months later.
After the formation of the new county, settlements began at Lowell, Monroe, Stanwood, and Edmonds.
Settlers were drawn to the fertile soil and easy access to water in these areas. Extensive logging and mining
activity has taken place throughout the region from the mid-1800s to the present, and the construction and
expansion of transportation corridors associated with railroads and roadways had a profound effect on the
landscape in this area (Riddle 2006).
The Project vicinity has transformed drastically over the past 150 years. It has changed from old-growth
forest and agricultural lands to a mix of residential and industrial development.
History of Arlington
The first non-Native settler in the Arlington area was J. L. "Frank" Kent, who arrived in 1877. Many other
settlers began inhabiting the area in the 1880s.A road had been cut by the Army in 1856 from Snohomish to
just below the confluence of the North Fork and South Fork of the Stillaguamish River(City of Arlington 2025).
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The city of Arlington began as two distinct towns (Haller City and Arlington) platted in the spring of 1890
and separated by a 40-acre parcel, the ownership of which was contested by McMann and Stephens, until
McMann bought Stephens out in order to end the dispute during the depression of the 1890s (Interstate
Publishing Company 1906). In 1880, a road was cut roughly following the original US Army trail between
the forks of the Stillaguamish River (on which Haller City was located) and Stanwood to facilitate the
movement of loggers and goods through the area without having to rely upon canoe freighting (City of
Arlington 2025; Interstate Publishing Company 1906).
Haller City started with the construction of its first general store in 1888 by the confluence of the North Fork
and South Fork of the Stillaguamish River. The store was run by N. K. Tvete and N. H. Johnson. In 1889,
the White House Hotel was built by Lee Rogers and M. Dinsmore. Haller City was platted by Maurice Haller,
the son of a well-known military figure named Granville O. Haller. The land was originally patented to Louis
Smith, who later sold the property to John Irving, who sold it to Maurice Haller. Maurice drowned early in
the formation of the town, and his interest in the town was passed on to three other men. Haller City grew
rapidly at first, housing a sawmill, two saloons, a four-story hotel, a drug store, and a newspaper by 1890
(Interstate Publishing Company 1906).
In 1890, the construction train for the building of the Seattle, Lake Shore, & Eastern Railroad arrived at the
site of the original Town of Arlington. The building of the railroad distinguished Arlington from Haller City.
Arlington was platted by Earl and McLeod, railroad contractors, who had purchased the land from Alfred
Gifford. In 1890,Arlington started out with a newspaper and an "eating tent,"where people could purchase
hot meals. It quickly grew to include a saloon, general store, hardware store, two restaurants, and a three-
story hotel (Interstate Publishing Company 1906).
By 1893, the combined population of the two towns was 500. Arlington weathered the depression of the
1890s well, and the population continued to increase. In 1903, when the towns came together and
incorporated, the population within the corporate limits was 800; by 1905, the population was up to 1,700
(Interstate Publishing Company 1906). Arlington has always been a logging town and has been home to
multiple logging companies, sawmills, and shingle mills. After areas were cleared, much of the land was
used for agriculture and as dairy farms (City of Arlington 2025).
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4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
WestLand reviewed the DAHP's online Washington Information System for Architectural and Archaeological
Records Data (WISAARD) for archaeological site records and cultural resources survey reports within a
1.6 km (1 mi.) radius of the API. The DAHP's statewide predictive model layer was reviewed for probability
estimates for the presence of cultural resources, and WestLand also examined online resources such as
the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) GLO survey records database, the USGS historical topographic
maps database, and other online map databases, as well as review of aerial imagery to complement the
cultural context provided in the preceding section.
4.1 Previous Cultural Resources Investigations
No previous cultural resources investigations have been conducted directly within the API; however,
23 cultural resource investigations have been completed within a 1.6 km (1 mi.) radius (Table 3), including
3 within less than 183 m (600 ft.) to the east, around 212th Street NE. The archaeological research
completed in the vicinity of the API has been associated with development-oriented projects; included in
Table 3 are examples of road improvement, wastewater, pipeline, residential construction, transmission
line, and trail development projects. Six of the investigations resulted in the identification of cultural
resources within 1.6 km (1 mi.) of the API (see Table 3).
Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Within 1.6 km (1 mi.)of the API
NADB# Reference Report Title Cultural Materials Distance and
Identified* Direction from API
Cultural Resource Survey of
Northwest Pipeline Corporation's
Capacity Replacement Project,
1344814 Ozbun 2004 Western Washington:Addendum None 1 km (0.60 mi)east
One Supplemental Surveys of
Workspace, Extra Workspace,
Access Roads, and Pipeyards
Evaluation of Six Cultural Resources
for the Northwest Pipeline 1.4 km (0.84 mi)
1345757 Chapman 2005 Corporation's Capacity Replacement None northeast
Project, Western Washington
Cultural Resource Survey of the
Northwest Pipeline Corporation's
Capacity Replacement Project, Seattle, Lake Shore& 1.4 km (0.86 mi)
1346406 Ozbun 2005 Western Washington Addendum Eastern (SLS&E) southwest
Seven:Seattle Lake Shore & Railway
Eastern Railway Spur at the
Arlington 3 Pipeyard
Cultural Resource Survey of 1.5 km (0.90 mi)
1346663 Sharma 2005 Northwest Pipeline Corporation's None northeast
Capacity Replacement Project
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NADB# Reference Report Title Cultural Materials Distance and
Identified* Direction from API
Cultural Resources Assessment for 1.5 km (0.93 mi.)
1348795 Gillis 2006 the Arlington Wastewater Treatment 45SN409 northwest
Project,Arlington
Blukis Onat Cultural Resource Preliminary 1.3 km (0.83 mi.)
1348998 2006 Survey of the Centennial Trail Phase None northwest
Draft:Phase 2 Cultural Resources
1353374 Piper 2009 Assessment for the Sedro Woolley 45SN486 129 m (424 ft.)east
Horse Ranch Transmission Line
Upgrade
Archaeological Monitoring for the 0.3 km (0.19 mi.)
1680049 Compas 2010 Sedro-Woolley Horse Ranch None southeast
Transmission Line Rebuild Project
Archaeological Assessment for the
1680166 Chambers 2010 67th Avenue Phase 111 Improvement SLS&E Railway spur 1.2 km (0.72 mi.)west
Project Arlington, Snohomish
County, Washington
Addendum to the Archaeological
1685034 Iverson 2014 Assessment for the 67th Avenue SLS&E Railway spure 1.3 km (0.81 mi.)
Phase III Improvement Project, southwest
Arlington
Prairie Creek Drainage 1.5 km (0.92 mi.)
1685105 Wilson 2013 Improvements Project Phase 2 None southwest
Construction, City of Arlington
Cultural Resources Survey for 2016 1.5 km (0.94 mi.)
1688317 Homan 2016 Snohomish District Priority Wood None northeast
Pole Replacement Project
Cultural Resources Assessment for 177 m (580 ft.)east-
1688852 Steinkraus 2015 the Eagle Creek Substation Project, None southeast
Arlington.
East Arlington Substation Project, an
Addendum to the Cultural Resources
1691492 Hushour 2017 Assessment for the Eagle Creek None 134 m (440 ft.)east
Substation Project,Arlington,
Snohomish County, Washington
Archaeological Survey and
1691924 Larsen 2016 Evaluation of the Proposed Park 77 None 1.1 km (0.66 mi.)
Development,Arlington, Snohomish southwest
County, Washington
Archaeological Resources Survey for
the Temporary Extra Work Area at
1692412 Pierson 2019 Williams Northwest Pipeline None 0.9 km (0.56 mi.)
Arlington Meter Station at Milepost northeast
1422.56, Snohomish County,
Washington,Addendum Report
Cultural Resources Inventory BPA
1692589 Schwab 2019 Snohomish District FYI Priority None 1.6 km (1 mi.)
Poles, Skagit and Snohomish northeast
Counties, Washington
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NADB# Reference Report Title Cultural Materials Distance and
Identified* Direction from API
A Cultural Resources Assessment
for the Redevelopment of 604 E
1693725 Baldwin 2019 Gilman Avenue(TPN: None 1.1 km (0.67 mi.)north
31050100302200),Arlington,
Snohomish County, Washington
Archaeological Investigation Report:
Pilchuck Village Project(Parcels
1694059 Bush 2020 00769800000600 and None ( mi.)
00793300002801),Arlington, southwest
Snohomish County Washington
Archaeological Assessment for the 0.9 1694591 Iversen and Lux Project,Arlington, Snohomish 45SN766 southwest
(wesstt mi.)
Osiensky 2020 County, Washington so
A Cultural Resource Assessment of
the Proposed Septic System
1695629 Berry 2021 Upgrades at 21202 891 Ave NE None 0.4 km (0.23 mi.)east
(TPN 00830700000300),Arlington,
Washington
A Cultural Resources Assessment of
1697951 Baldwin et al. the Amber Grove Development(TPN None 1.5 km (0.95 mi.)
2023 31051400101800),Arlington, southwest
Snohomish County, Washington
Archaeological Investigation Report:
Parcels 31051100304000;
Hawthorne and 1.1 km (0.68 mi.)
1698777 Humphries 2019 31051100400700, near 204th None southwest
Avenue,Arlington, Snohomish
County, Washington
Key:NADB=National Archaeological Database
*Within 1.6 km(1 mi.)of the API
4.2 Previously Recorded Archaeological Resources
A total of seven archaeological resources have been documented within 1.6 km (1 mi.)of the API (Table 4).
Three of the previously recorded resources (45SN486, 45SN766, and 45SN879) contain precontact lithic
artifacts, none of which have been evaluated for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).
The assemblage at one of these sites (45SN766) includes a bifacially flaked artifact exhibiting
characteristics (material, size, bifacial edge, cortex and patina) consistent with Olcott Phase artifacts,
suggesting the site represents an Olcott occupation (8000 to 5000 BP). The Olcott artifact and a projectile
point base were identified within the relatively intact B-horizon but the remaining lithics were observed in
disturbed upper sediments. Iversen and Osiensky (2020) concluded that the identified artifacts lie within
secondary subsurface contexts (i.e., the integrity of the observed deposits was compromised); however,
there remains the possibility that unidentified discrete pockets of intact cultural deposits exist nearby.
The remaining four previously recorded resources are Historic-period sites associated with agriculture
and/or homesteading activities; two have been determined not eligible (45SN891 and 45SN892) and one
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has not been evaluated for NRHP eligibility (45SN391). The Teager/Weimer Site (45SN409) contains a
privy feature and over 130 items of architectural and domestic refuse dating between the 1890s and 1930s.
The site is eligible for listing in the NRHP with recovered artifacts and soil samples being curated at the
Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture in Seattle, Washington (Gillis and Carrilho 2006).
Table 3. Previously Recorded Archaeological Resources Within 1.6 km (1 mi.)of the API
Smithsonian# Type and Description Eligibility Distance and direction
from API
Historic Agriculture; drainage ditch,
45SN391 part of an irrigation network(ca. Not Evaluated 0.9 km (0.58 mi)northeast
1890-1910)
Historic Debris Scatter; 130+ items
45SN409 of architectural and domestic refuse Eligible 1.6 km (1 mi)northwest
and 1 privy feature(ca. 1890s-
1930s)
45SN486 Precontact Isolate; basalt thumbnail Not Evaluated 1.1 km (0.71 mi)south
scraper
Precontact Lithic Material; sparse
45SN766 subsurface scatter of lithic debitage, Not Evaluated 0.9 km (0.54 mi)southwest
1 projectile point, 1 utilized flake,
and FMR
45SN879 Precontact Lithic Scatter; sparse Not Evaluated 1.6 km (0.97 mi)northeast
subsurface scatter of 3 lithic flakes
Historic Agriculture; Denovan field
45SN891 drainage ditch system channeling Not Eligible 0.7 km (0.47 mi) northeast
Eagle Creek
45SN892 Historic Road; one lane graded 2- Not Eligible 0.5 km (0.29 mi)northeast
track dirt road segment
4.3 Cemeteries
One cemetery has been documented within the 1.6 km (1 mi.) search radius. The Old Pioneer Cemetery
(45SN0523), located 1 km (0.64 mi)to the northwest, was the first cemetery in Arlington and was platted in
1902 on land owned by Eva L. Clum. By 1912, the cemetery closed and was eventually abandoned by its
owners (Fiege 2009). In 1989, local resident Harry Yost began caring for the cemetery until his death in the
early 1990s. Upon the death of Ms. Clum in 1944, no heirs claimed the parcel containing the cemetery.The
City of Arlington assumed the land in 2008 (Washington State Administrative Office of the Courts 2008)and
is currently maintaining the cemetery.
4.4 Built Environment
No standing structures are present in the API; however, approximately 720 built-environment resources
have been documented within the 1 mi. search radius, only one of which has been determined eligible for
listing in the NRHP or Washington Heritage Register(WHIR).The historic Seattle, Lake Shore, and Eastern
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Railway, constructed in 1887, is located less than 0.9 km (0.6 mi.)to the west-northwest. Operating under
the current owner, Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railway, the historic resource was recommended
eligible for listing in the NRHP under Criterion A for the role it played in the development of Arlington, and
for its role as a major regional railroad line serving northwest Washington (Smits et al. 2005).
4.4.1 Assessor's Data
According to the Snohomish County Online Property Information (SCOPI)web application, the east portion
of the API (parcel 31051200200400) has been owned and maintained by the PHD#3 since 2001. The
property has remained undeveloped with the parcel being zoned for land and improvement use(Snohomish
County Assessor 2025).The westernmost portion (parcel 31051200202700)was purchased in 2005 by the
PHD#3 and is zoned under the same property category (land and improvements), currently in use as a
parking lot(Snohomish County Assessor 2025).
4.5 Historic Maps and Aerial Imagery
The 1875 GLO survey plat depicts no natural or cultural features within the current API (USSG 1875).
According to the Master Title Plat and GLO survey records, Allen Forshee obtained a patent (#WAOAA
068774)for the SW'/4 NW'/4 of Section 12,T31 N, RSE, and adjacent land in the N '/2 of Section 11, totaling
160 acres (GLO 1883). By 1910, Forshee's 160-acre homesteading claim was divided into several smaller
parcels, ranging from 8 to 20 acres, with the current API within a 20-acre parcel identified with owner Hans
Bertilson (Anderson Map Company[Anderson] 1910; Figure 3).Anderson's 1910 Plat Book of Snohomish
County and the 1911 USGS quadrangle also depict a network of roads and railways throughout the area
as more homesteaders claimed more public land, including roads running along present-day 212th Street
NE and Stillaguamish Avenue, as well as an unnamed structure in the current parking lot immediately
northwest of the API.
The 1927 Metsker atlas for the county shows F. Vauldersitne as the owner of the 20-acre parcel and a
transmission line approximately 500 ft. east of the API labeled "Puget SD Power and Light Line" following
the route of the present-day transmission lines (Metsker 1927). The 1934 and 1952 Kroll atlas' lists Sarah
Van Iderstine as the owner of the same parcel (Kroll 1934, 1952) and Metsker maps between 1960 and
1975 show Floyd L. Langdon as the owner(Metsker 1956, 1975).
Historic aerial photography shows the growth of agricultural (e.g., farming, ranching, and logging) activity
with more and more residential and business development in the vicinity of the API (Historic Aerials 2025).
The 1954 aerial photograph also shows a few small structures and an entry road immediately northwest of
the API, likely the same development depicted on the 1910 Anderson map. By 1969, the project vicinity
included the Cascade Valley Hospital (to the west) and the athletic field at Haller Middle School (to the
northwest)along present-day Stillaguamish Avenue.
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4.6 DAHP Archaeological Risk Assessment Model
DAHP has developed a comprehensive archaeological risk assessment model for the probability of
encountering Precontact and Historic-period cultural resources across the state of Washington. These
probabilities are calculated using information derived from two general sources: (1)data derived from
ethnographic studies and archaeological investigations conducted prior to model development; and (2) a
consideration of the relationship between these recorded sites and various environmental factors such as
proximity to water, elevation, and slope (Kauhi 2009). The DAHP's model uses five categories for
predictions: Low Risk, Moderately Low Risk, Moderate Risk, High Risk, and Very High Risk. The model
predicts a moderate risk of encountering archaeological features or deposits within the API.
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Figure 3. 1910 Anderson Map Company Page 22
5.0 ANTICIPATED FINDS
Based on a review of the background information presented above, including the distance to water
resources, sites previously recorded on similar landforms in the area, and the DAHP's predictive model,
WestLand initially anticipated a high potential for encountering archaeological resources in the API. After
taking into consideration the more recent disturbances that have impacted the landscape, such as
agricultural land use and commercial development, as well as proximity to road construction and expansive
urban development, WestLand subsequently reduced this expectation to moderate.
Cultural materials identified at precontact archaeological sites in proximity to the API include chipped stone
tools and associated debris and varying quantities of FMR. Precontact artifacts within the API may include
isolated stone or bone tools related to hunting or processing activities; lithic debris associated with the
manufacture and maintenance of these tools; processing features, such as hearths, identified by the
presence of FMR, charcoal, and/or possibly faunal and floral remains. Ethnographic and historic Native
American cultural materials could include similar kinds of archaeological materials.
Historic Euroamerican cultural materials would likely be related to irrigation and farming practices or
perhaps to early industry in the area (including personal items and metal fragments or machinery pieces) .
Personal items may include objects such as glass or ceramic beads or vessels, clothing (e.g., buttons), or
iron tools.Cultural materials could also be deposits and features associated with agriculture or homesteads,
including household dumps containing ceramics, glass, and other domestic items.
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6.0 FIELD INVESTIGATION
6.1 Survey Methods
Westland archaeologists conducted fieldwork on August 2 and 13, 2025, that included a combination of
surface and subsurface survey techniques. WestLand Field Director Jamy McLean, MS, and Field
Technicians Karl Bloomberg and Dalton Bush, examined the ground surface for artifacts and other evidence
of cultural activity by walking transects spaced at intervals no greater than 20 m (66 ft.) across the API.
Ground exposures (e.g., ditches, root tips) encountered in or outside of transects were examined closely
for the presence of subsurface features or cultural materials.
Due to the potential for buried cultural deposits, shovel test probes (STPs)measuring approximately 40 cm
in diameter were excavated at intervals ranging between 20 m and 25 m (66 ft. and 82 ft.) in areas
exhibiting minimal ground disturbance and no marked utilities. All STPs were excavated to at least
55 centimeters below surface (cmbs) with hand shovels, and spoils from each were screened through
quarter-inch hardware mesh. STP locations were documented and spatially recorded using ArcGIS Field
Maps, and observations of surface disturbances, topography, vegetation, and soil matrix characteristics
(including soil color, which was tested using Munsell charts) were recorded in a standard field notebook.
High-resolution digital photographs were taken of each completed STP and throughout the API to record
both surface conditions and the surrounding topography. All field notes and photographs are on file at
WestLand's Mukikteo office.
6.2 Survey Results
The API is situated on a grassy, gently sloping (2-10 degrees to the southeast)field on a dissected glacial
drift plain (Figures 4 and 5). The API has been impacted by Historic-period and modern land use and
surrounding development, including plowing (evident in the STP profiles), grading (berm construction along
the south and east perimeters and through the middle north of the property), road construction and
maintenance along the north, east, and southern boundaries, utility installation (particularly a gas line in the
north), and construction of a parking lot and helicopter pad (Figure 6). Vegetation consists mainly of a thick
covering of domestic grass with ornamental trees planted along the parking lot and the north and east
sidewalks. The large berm in the middle of the property has been overtaken by Himalayan blackberry (see
Figure 5). Ground visibility throughout the API is less than 5 %.
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t:
n
Figure 4. Overview of south portion of API (parking lot at left); view east.
F WE
e
Figure 5. Overview of north portion of API (central berm at right); view east.
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Consultants A Westland
Figure 6. Overview of north portion of API with previous disturbance related to utility installation along the
adjacent parking lot and sidewalk in foreground and residential development to the east and southeast;
view southeast.
WestLand excavated a total of 17 STPs with hand shovels to a maximum depth of 100 curbs within the API
(Figure 7; STP table provided in Appendix B). Observed sediments are generally consistent in the south
portion of the API (STPs 1-11)and consist of a 25-30 cm thick Ap-Horizon (plow zone)of dark brown silty
loam overlying a dark yellowish-brown B-Horizon of silty loam above a B/C-Horizon of light brownish gray
silty loam (Figure 8).The STPs in the north portion of the API (STPs 12-17)exhibited evidence of previous
subsurface disturbance (i.e., mixed soils and/or fill materials) in the upper part of the profile (Figure 9).
Gravel content varied widely(less than 15 %to more than 60 %)throughout the API but generally increased
with depth. Divergence from the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service mapped soil
characteristics is to be expected due to variation in local topography and the results of Historic-period and
modern land use (see Topography and Geology section above).
Trinity �\ Page26
Consultants A& WestLand
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Figure 7. Results of survey Page 27
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n.
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Figure 9. STP 12 profile at 100 cmbs.
Trinit �\ Page28
Consultantsy Westland
WestLand observed several pieces of modern and possibly Historic-period debris in five of the STPs.
Modern debris such as concrete, slag, and amber vessel glass was noted in the north portion of the API, in
the plow zone less than 40 cmbs in STPs 12 and 14; crushed gravel was observed to 70 cmbs in STP 15.
Debris identified in the plow zone (to a maximum of 25 cmbs) within the south portion of the API (STPs 7
and 10)appears to be historic in nature due to signs of degradation, but did not have temporally diagnostic
characteristics. Items in STP 7 included a short length of thick gauge wire ('/4-inch diameter) and a blue
glazed fragment of earthenware that appears to be from a cradle or spout(Figure 10).Archaeologists noted
two fragments of earthenware in STP 10 (Figure 11): one is a utilitarian, white glazed fragment of a bowl
or plate; the other is more refined in manufacture and appears to be from a bowl or cup. The second item
has a white base glaze on the interior with light gray, hand painted decoration, while the exterior is painted
a variable shade of blue with gold filagree decor. The domestic debris identified in STPs 7 and 10 may be
associated with the structure(s) depicted on historic maps and aerial imagery more than 55 m (180 ft.)
northwest of the API. Upon further analysis, WestLand did not record the sparse assemblage as an
archaeological site due to the uncertainty of the origin of materials, which is likely a secondary deposit
resulting from ground disturbance associated with construction of the parking lot. In addition, no direct
association is evident from background research between the materials identified and the residences or
businesses of the surrounding area.
1
„l 'rt� A
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i�itll�hllll!IIIIu!�Iltillll!�IIIIIIIII�IIIIII111�1411IIIII�IIIIIIIII�Illillllllllllilil!ill•IIII I � I
ll2 1,3y 14 ll'= llf 1 -7 118
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i
II�III 1IltIIIII�IIII�IIHlllli�l '•�'"�1��'�f1111�1JIllllll�1111 I IIII I Ili I IIII II(II ll ialli
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Figure 10. Plow zone artifacts identified in STIR 7(0-24 cmbs).
Trinity �\ Page29
ConsuLtants � WestLand
t'� .h'#sle
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' S.°p'o
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9
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Figure 11. Plow zone artifacts from STP-10.
7.0 SUMMARYAND RECOMMENDATIONS
Westland conducted surface and subsurface field survey, excavating 17 STPs to depths ranging from 55 to
100 cmbs, and observed materials consisting of modern debris and temporally undiagnostic deposits
resulting from ground disturbance associated with construction of the parking lot located immediately west
of the API. No archaeological resources were identified that may be eligible for listing in the NRHP. Based
on the results of background research and field observations of previous ground disturbance, WestLand
anticipates that the API has a low probability for remaining intact precontact, Ethnographic period, and
historic resources that may be eligible for listing in the NRHP and recommends no further cultural resources
work for this project. If project plans change to include areas not covered by this survey, then additional
study may be required.
WestLand recommends that all ground-disturbing activities be conducted under the inadvertent discovery
plan (IDP) provided in Appendix C. The IDP lays out procedures to follow if archaeological deposits or
human skeletal remains are inadvertently discovered during construction. It should be made available to all
construction crews working within the API, and a copy should be present on the job site during any ground-
disturbing work.
Trinity �\ Page 30
Consultants A& WestLand
8.0 REFERENCES
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Consultants A& Westland
APPENDIX A
SCHEMATIC FOR PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT
PRELIMINARY SITE PLAN
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APPENDIX B
SHOVEL TEST PROBE RESULTS
Table 13.1. Shovel Test Probe Results
STP Depth Soil Description Cultural Notes
Number (cmbs) (depths in cmbs) Materials (depths in cmbs)
(depths in cmbs)
0-26: Brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; <15%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
26-36: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; 15-35%subangular and
1 80 subrounded pebbles; clear boundary none 0-36; mixed
36-80: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2(dry)silty loam; extremely hard; 15-35%subangular
and subrounded pebbles; common redox
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
0-18: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; no gravels; clear
boundary
18-30: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; hard; no
gravels; clear boundary
2 70 30-45: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2 (dry)silty loam; extremely hard; no gravels; clear none
boundary
45-70: Light yellowish brown 2.5 6/4(dry)silty loam; extremely hard; no gravels; heavy
redox
Terminated due to density and nature of sediments
0-29: Brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; <15%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
29-42: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; 15-35%
3 74 subangular and subrounded pebbles; clear boundary none
42-74: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2(dry)silty loam; extremely hard; 15-35%subangular
and subrounded pebbles; common redox
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
0-20: Brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; <15%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; abrupt boundary
20-45: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; hard; <15%
4 65 subangular and subrounded pebbles; clear boundary none
45-65: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2 (dry)silty loam; extremely hard; 15-35%subangular
and subrounded pebbles and cobbles; common redox
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
Page B1
STP Depth Soil Description Cultural Notes
Number (cmbs) (depths in cmbs) Materials (depths in cmbs)
(depths in cmbs)
0-31: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; <15%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
31-73: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; hard; <15%
5 92 subangular and subrounded pebbles; clear boundary none
73-92: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2(dry)silty loam; extremely hard; 15-35%subangular
and subrounded pebbles and cobbles
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
0-39: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; <15%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
39-75: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; hard; 15%
6 80 subangular and subrounded pebbles; clear boundary none chart Mixed, contains
charcoal (32-40)
75-80: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2(dry)silty loam; extremely hard; 15-35%subangular
and subrounded pebbles and cobbles
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
0-24: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; <15%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary 0-24: Blue
24-94: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; hard; 15% glazed ceramic
7 100 subangular and subrounded pebbles; clear boundary fragment and
94-100: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2 (dry)silty loam; hard; 15-35%subangular and length of thick
subrounded pebbles and cobbles gauged wire
Terminated due at target depth
0-21: Brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; 15-35%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
Located 1 m west of small
8 63 21-63: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2 (dry)silty loam; extremely hard; 15-35%subangular none
round berm
and subrounded pebbles and cobbles
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
0-21: Brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; 15-35%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
9 55 21-55: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; hard; 15-35% none
subangular and subrounded pebbles to boulders
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
Page B2
STP Depth Soil Description Cultural Notes
Number (cmbs) (depths in cmbs) Materials (depths in cmbs)
(depths in cmbs)
0-25: Brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; <15% subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
25-70: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; hard; 35-60% earthenware—
glazed
e
10 75 subangular and subrounded small pebble to medium cobble, clear boundary earth
blue on white
70-75: Light brownish gray 2.5Y 6/2 (dry)silty loam; extremely hard; 35-60%subangular with gold filagree
to subrounded small pebble, redox
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
0-22: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; 15-35% subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
11 71 22-71: Dark yellowish brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; moderate blocky; hard; 15-35% none
subangular and subrounded pebbles and cobbles
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
0-39: Brown 10YR 5/3(dry)silty loam; hard; 60-90%angular and subangular pebbles
and cobbles; clear boundary 0-39: Slag and
12 100 39-100: Brown 10YR 4/3 (dry)sandy loam; hard; 60-90%subangular and subrounded modern amber
pebbles and cobbles vessel glass
Terminated at target depth
0-37: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)silty loam; hard; 60-90%angular and subangular pebbles
and cobbles; clear boundary
13 73 37-73: Brown 10YR 4/3 (dry)very sandy loam; hard; 60-90%subangular and none
subrounded pebbles and cobbles
Terminated due to cobble impasse
0-36: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; 35-60% angular and
subangular pebbles and cobbles; clear boundary
36-78: Brown 10YR 4/3(dry)sandy loam; hard; 35-60%subangular and subrounded 0-36: Golf ball
14 85 pebble to medium cobble, clear boundary and concrete
78-85: Greyish brown 10YR 5/2 sandy loam, 35-60%subangular to subrounded small chunks
pebble
Terminated due to coble impasse
Page B3
STP Depth Soil Description Cultural Notes
Number (cmbs) (depths in cmbs) Materials (depths in cmbs)
(depths in cmbs)
0-46:Yellowish brown 10YR 5/4 (dry)sandy loam;firm; 35-60%angular to subrounded
pebbles and cobbles; clear boundary
15 70 46-70: Brown 10YR 4/3(dry)sand; compact, very hard; 35-60%angular to rounded grave crushed
0-70: imported fill
pebbles and cobbles gravel
Terminated due to density, cobble impasse
0-43: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)silty loam; moderate granular; hard; 15-35%subangular and
subrounded pebbles; clear boundary
16 65 43-65: Brown 10YR 4/3 sandy loam, 15-35%subrounded small pebble to medium asphalt
cobble
Terminated due to cobble impasse
0-34: Brown 10YR 5/3 (dry)sandy loam;weak granular; firm; 35-60%subrounded and
subangular pebbles and cobbles; clear boundary
17 100 34-100: Brown 10YR 4/3 sandy loam; loose; 15-35%subrounded and subangular none
pebbles to boulders; common redox
Terminated at target depth
NOTE:STP=Shovel test probe;cmbs=centimeters below surface
Page B4
APPENDIX C
INADVERTENT DISCOVERY PLAN
APPENDIX C: Inadvertent Discovery Plan CRA for the Arlington Medical Facility Project, Snohomish County
Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Cultural Resources
Washington state law protects archaeological resources (RCW 27.53, 27.44, and WAC 25-48)and human
remains(RCW 68.50)from disturbance or theft. If artifacts or cultural deposits are discovered inadvertently
during ground—disturbing activities in the Area of Potential Impacts (API), construction should be
immediately stopped. Artifacts and cultural deposits might include, but are not limited to, evidence for
precontact activities such as chipped stone tools, chipped stone tool debris, ground stone tools, bone and
shell objects, fire-cracked or discolored rocks, concentrations of charcoal and discolored soil, or shell
middens. There may also be evidence of Historic period land use or dumping such as structural debris,
mechanical items, or concentration of cans, bottles, or other debris (see Photos E.1—E.6 for examples of
artifacts and cultural deposits).
If there is any question as to whether the finds are cultural, a professional archaeologist may be consulted
to verify that the finds are archaeological. The construction supervisor will establish a 20-m (65-foot)
buffer area around the discovery to protect the find while it is investigated. The construction supervisor
and the landowner will notify the City of Arlington (City). Ground-disturbing work may proceed in other
parts of the API, provided it will not affect the cultural discovery. The City, as lead agency for State
Environmental Policy Act compliance, will carry out any necessary consultation with the Washington
State Department of Archaeology and Historic Preservation (DAHP), affected Tribes, and other
interested parties.
Inadvertent Discovery Plan for Human Remains
If ground-disturbing activities encounter human skeletal remains during the course of construction, then all
activity will cease that may cause further disturbance to those remains. The area of the find will be secured
and protected from further disturbance until the State provides notice to proceed. The finding of human
skeletal remains will be reported to the Snohomish County Medical Examiner(425-438-6200)and the City of
Arlington Police Department(360-403-3400) in the most expeditious manner possible. The remains will not
be touched, moved, or further disturbed. The coroner will assume jurisdiction over the human skeletal
remains and make a determination of whether those remains are forensic or non-forensic. If the medical
examiner determines the remains are non-forensic, then they will report that finding to the DAHP, who will
then take jurisdiction over the remains. The DAHP will notify any appropriate cemeteries and all affected
Tribes of the find. The State Physical Anthropologist, Guy Tasa (360-790-1633), will make a determination
of whether the remains are Indian or non-Indian and report that finding to any appropriate cemeteries and
the affected Tribes. The DAHP will then handle all consultation with the affected parties as to the future
preservation, excavation, and disposition of the remains.
Westland Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc. September 2, 2025 1 Page C2
APPENDIX C: Inadvertent Discovery Plan CRA for the Northsound Logistics Center, Snohomish County
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Photo C-1. Shell midden and layered stratigraphy of shell and blackened soil
Photo C-2. Examples of stone tools and flaked stone
Westland Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc. September 2, 2025 Page C3
APPENDIX C: Inadvertent Discovery Plan CRA for the Arlington Medical Facility Project, Snohomish County
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Photo C-3. Examples of hearth features and unusual accumulations of rocks, possibly with burnt
or charcoal-stained soils
Photo C-4. Examples of historic artifacts
Westland Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc. September 2, 2025 Page C4
APPENDIX C: Inadvertent Discovery Plan CRA for the Arlington Medical Facility Project, Snohomish County
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Photo C-5. Examples of historic bottles
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Photo C-6. Example of a historic building foundation
Westland Engineering & Environmental Services, Inc. September 2, 2025 Page C5